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Abstract
The dictionary defines maintenance as, “The work of keeping something in proper order.” However, this definition does not necessarily fit for software. Software maintenance is different from hardware maintenance because software doesn’t physically wear out, but often gets less useful with age. Software is typically delivered with undiscovered flaws. Therefore, software maintenance is: “The process of modifying existing operational software while leaving its primary functions intact.” Maintenance typically exceeds fifty percent of the systems’ life cycle cost . While software maintenance can be treated as a level of effort activity, there are consequences on quality, functionality, reliability, cost and schedule that can be mitigated through the use of parametric estimation techniques.
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the greatest challenges facing software engineers is the management of change control. It has been estimated that the cost of change control can be between 40% and 70% of the life cycle costs . Software engineers have hoped that new languages and new process would greatly reduce these numbers; however this has not been the case. Fundamentally this is because software is still delivered with a significant number of defects. Capers Jones estimates that there are about 5 bugs per Function Point created during Development . Watts Humphrey found “… even experienced software engineers normally inject 100 or more defects per KSLOC . Capers Jones says, “A series of studies the defect density of software ranges from 49.5 to 94.5 errors per thousand lines of code .” The purpose of this article is to first review the fundamentals of software maintenance and to present alternative approaches to estimating software maintenance. A key element to note is that development and management decisions made during the development process can significantly affect the developmental cost and the resulting maintenance costs.
2. SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE
Maintenance activities include all work carried out post-delivery and should be distinguished from block modifications which represent significant design and development effort and supersede a previously released software package. These maintenance activities can be quite diverse, and it helps to identify exactly what post-delivery activities are to be included in an estimate of maintenance effort. Maintenance activities, once defined, may be evaluated in a quite different light than when called simply “maintenance”. Software maintenance is different from hardware maintenance because software doesn’t physically wear out, but software often gets less useful with age and it may be delivered with undiscovered flaws. In addition to the undiscovered flaws, it is common that some number of known defects pass from the development organization to the maintenance group. Accurate estimation of the effort required to maintain delivered software is aided by the decomposition of the overall effort into the various activities that make up the whole process.
3. APPROACHING THE MAINTENANCE ISSUE
Maintenance is a complicated and structured process. In his textbook, Estimating Software Intensive Systems, Richard Stuzke outlines the typical software maintenance process. It is apparent that the process is more than just writing new code.
The following checklist can be used to explore the realism and accuracy of maintenance requirements.
When people talk about making money online, Internet marketing is one term associated with generating huge amounts of money. What is Internet marketing? Also referred to as online marketing or search engine marketing, Internet marketing is an all-encompassing term for marketing a product, brand, or website on the Internet. Its purpose is to generate a lot of traffic, meaning a website needs more visitors to ensure a high ranking in major search engines. A website needs to land in the top listings of search results of search engines. To achieve that, Internet marketing uses various tactics such as search engine optimization (SEO), creating quality content that persuades site visitors to take an action, user-friendly web design, links exchange, and email marketing.
What is Internet marketing offering to people in this day and age? Internet marketing provides an opportunity to individuals who prefer to earn income at the comforts of their homes. For small and medium businesses, Internet marketing helps promote their products and services. In the past years, Internet marketing has been a time-saving and cost-effective way of promoting products and services. Thanks to the Internet, business deals and transactions are all done with just a few clicks and keystrokes.
People who are interested in making money through Internet marketing should know the various internet marketing strategies. Beginners must also keep in mind that using these strategies involves careful planning and implementation.
One of the most important methods of online marketing is SEO, which is the most affordable and effective way to promote products and services on the Internet. SEO involves the use of several techniques to make a website rank high in search engines, as well as driving traffic or more visitors into a website. These techniques include creating an appealing, user-friendly Web design and a keyword-rich content. The website’s content should not only be keyword rich, but also short and informative. Link building is also an essential SEO strategy, which involves exchanging links with relevant sites.
You can either hire an SEO specialist or do the job yourself. Learning the different SEO techniques, as well as making your site land in the top 10 results in search engines, requires hard work and patience. What is Internet marketing without SEO? It would be hard to imagine as SEO has always been considered the lifeblood of Internet marketing.
The second most important Internet marketing avenue is email marketing. As the term implies, it uses email to promote products and services. Email marketing serves as an effective communication tool between the online marketer and the target customers. If done properly, email marketing can boost sales and site traffic.
Affiliate marketing is another great way to earn money on the Internet. In affiliate marketing, income is earned through commissions. You earn commissions when the advertisement on your site generates sales.
What is Internet marketing as a way to earn money online? Like other kinds of marketing, Internet marketing entails great effort and focus to successfully promote a product or service and to generate more sales.
I have a Vista and XP computer on a network sharing an internet connection. I can open files the files i share on my XP computer on my Vista computer. Isn’t there anyway i can do the opposite?
And is it possible i can play a game with the computer on the network or send a message or anything like that?
I have been using Avast Antivirus along with widows defender. So far Avast has caught every trojan and spyware, but I was wondering if it really is as good as they claim… Has anyone ever had any problems with Avast Antivirus?
Sorry if this question doesn’t make sense, as I don’t know that much about internet settings like these and internet connection with Wii.
If the question doesn’t make sense could you try explaining the whole wireless internet thing.
With computers virtually in every home and office all across the globe, their importance to our daily lives have been felt greater with each passing day. We are now heavily relying on computers to help us with our office productivity as well as make our lives a little bit easier at home. But computers are just machines and therefore capable of breaking down from time to time. Should this happen, we are sure to find a free computer fix either through the computer shops or online where we can seek help for our computer related problems.
Getting a free computer fix is more achievable if done online unlike when you would try at any computer shop. I really doubt if there is a computer shop who will be willing to give you a free computer fix. After all, it’s their business to fix computers and understandably, they expected to earn from it.
Now if you want a free computer fix then you will have to do it yourself. There are two things that you can do. One is you can search for help and follow the instructions stated or you can download a software that will help fix your computer. Let us first discuss finding help from others.
A simple web search for your computer problem will give you countless results on advice and tips on how to fix your computer. There are websites, blogs, wikis and other such sites that you can find that offer help on how to conduct a free computer fix. The thing is, you will have to do everything yourself. You will just have to follow the instructions stated on the website. You must follow it to the letter and make sure that you truly understand what you are being told to do. Remember that the computer is a sophisticated and advanced machine that can easily be damaged with just a few tinkering of its parts.
As much as possible, try to find at least two other sources that deal with the same computer problem. This is to make sure that you are following the advice of not just one, but at least two computer experts. It will give you better peace of mind knowing that more than two people are advising the same thing.
Another way to get your free computer fix is by downloading and installing a software. There are computer programs, both free and proprietary, that offer to help fix your computer. These are usually registry cleaners, anti-spyware and anti-virus programs. Some provide a combination of these computer programs so you only need to download just one software.
These are two of the common and popular ways that you can get a free computer fix. The important thing to remember is before you try out a software or a process, you should do a double check first by asking someone more knowledgeable than you or at least find other resources that deal with the same topic. If you do this, you can easily and quickly fix your computer.
I’m thinking of buying a new computer but I want to have some software on there that I already have on my old computer. Can I use some kind of transfer-cable to move software to a new computer? For example, I have Sony Vegas 8 (movie editing software) but I don’t have the installation disc anymore. Could I transfer it to my new computer?
If all else fails, couldn’t I take some of the internal parts of the old computer and place them in my new one?
The online world has no boundaries and can be accessed from all over the world with an internet connection, the potential of doing business online to the world is huge. With only a small investment in domain name, hosting and a website, any scale of business, large or small can start marketing their business to the world through the internet.
However, it is sometimes difficult for new companies to target and market their businesses to everyone on the internet as the internet is huge, online businesses can get lost in the world wide web.
In addition, local and small businesses may not be ready to do business internationally online. Hence, it is wiser to break down the internet world into countries, then target and market to these segments.
Here, we want to highlight the potential of marketing to the internet users in Asia and especially Indonesia. The first thing we should look at is the statistics of Internet usage of the world and funnel down to the internet usage and penetration in Indonesia.
Looking at the internet usage of the world by countries by Miniwatts Marketing Group. Asia is leading other geographic regions in internet usage. Asia, with the largest population of the world of 3,776,181,949 compared to rest of the world population of 2,899,938,339. Its no wonder Asia has the largest internet users compared to other geographic countries of the world.
When look deeper into Asia and see the Top 10 countries with the highest internet usage in Asia and you will be surprised!
Indonesia is ranked No.5 of Asia’s leading internet usage country with over 25 million users in Indonesia (2008). See Internet Marketing Indonesia. Compared to other more developed Asian countries, it’s a surprising lead.
This lead is mostly due to the large population of Indonesia. With over 237,512,355 in population, it is the third largest country in Asia based on its population after China and India with a population of 1,330,044,605 and 1,147,995,898 respectively. The forth largest country based on population after Indonesia is Pakistan at 167,762,040.
So as you can see, Indonesia should, soon climb to the number 3 spot of the largest internet usage in Asia.
Let’s see if you are familiar with these scenarios. Scenario 1: You start your computer then wait and wait and wait for so many minutes until you see the welcoming image of the Microsoft Windows logo.
How about scenario 2? You click to open a computer program, let’s say Microsoft Office or Adobe Photoshop. You then experience the same situation as scenario one. You wait for like an eternity before the program fully loads and opens. I bet you can stand up, walk towards your kitchen, grab the garbage bag, go out of your house, throw the garbage bag into the garbage gan, walk back in, wash your hands at the sink then sit back in front of your computer and your computer program is still not yet finished opening.
It is these types of situations when you would normally yearn for the best slow computer fix. But rest assured that you are not alone. There are thousands or even millions of computer users all around the globe who are experiencing the same thing. They are also clamoring to get the best slow computer fix, and at often times, for free. It’s a great thing that there are a few things that you can try by yourself to help you fix this computer problem.
First things first. When was the last time that you defragged your computer? If you answer more than six months, then defragging your computer would be the first logical thing to do. For most people, just defragging their computer would serve as the best slow computer fix for them. This is especially true if you are a heavy computer user, that is, you use your computer day in and day out, almost 24 hours a week. If you don’t defrag, your files willl not be properly saved or categorized and it will take your computer a longer time just to find the right files to open.
Another thing that you should do is to run a disk error check. It is actually one of the best slow computer fix because it can find errors and bad sectors in your hard disk that might be the cause of your computer’s slowing down.
Also, you might want to use an anti virus software. Viruses are very common and always pose grave threats to our computers. They are also easily spread especially if you are constantly connected to the Internet. This is another possible type of best slow computer fix because some viruses are known to slow down the performance of computers as well as completely crashing them.
Lastly, there are various computer software that you can download from the Internet that will help you diagnose your computer, find its problems then fix it. Should a certain software cannot fix the problem, it can provide a suggestion on what is the best course to take to fix your computer. You can simply make a search for the ‘best slow computer fix’ or of the specific computer problem you are experiencing and you are sure to find the right tools that you will need.
Surely your business is looking to streamline. As the link to the article regarding daily attendance software options show, you can use a daily attendance software solution to help.
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